Quality of language comprehension determines performance in all kinds of activities including academics. Processing of words initially develops as auditory, and gradually extends to visual as children learn to read. School failure is highly related to listening and reading comprehension problems. In this study we analyzed sex-differences in comprehension of texts in Spanish in three modalities presented to 12–14-years old students, native in Spanish. We controlled relevant cognitive variables such as attention, phonological and semantic fluency and speed of processing. Girls’ (...) comprehension was similar in the three modalities of presentation, however boys were importantly benefited by dual-modality as compared to boys exposed only to visual or auditory text presentation. With respect to the relation of text comprehension and school performance, students with low grades in Spanish showed low auditory comprehension. Interestingly, visual and dual modalities preserved comprehension levels in these low skilled students. Our results suggest that the use of visual-text support during auditory language presentation could be beneficial for low school performance students, especially boys, and encourage future research to evaluate the implementation in classes of the rapidly developing technology of simultaneous speech transcription, that could be, in addition, beneficial to non-native students, especially those recently incorporated into school or newly arrived in a country from abroad. (shrink)

La renovación metodológica que impulsa el EEES implica un nuevo enfoque didáctico, dándole mayor importancia al aprendizaje motivacional que a la enseñanza. En este contexto, las metas vitales del alumnado y su actitud ante el aprendizaje son determinantes clave en su motivación. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las orientaciones motivacionales y de aprendizaje de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas de la Universidad de Jaén para proponer al profesorado actuaciones, procedimientos, tácticas, y recursos que (...) influyan favorablemente en la motivación del alumnado, impulsen la participación y asistencia a clase y contribuyan a un aprendizaje activo. (shrink)

Social coexistence and with oneself, in recent years, is characterized by an absence of tenderness and the presence of objectification of oneself and the other, the same thing happens in university classrooms, a reflection of this is the non-desire to play, to meet the other from the imagination of play. This research aimed to understand how students define play and what could trigger free and joyful play. It was a qualitative study, with the phenological and hermeneutical method based on the (...) recovery of threads of life and the experience of playing with students. The results showed a devaluation of play because it is stripped of freedom and limits distance from ordinary life. Playful memory opens the door to free play, movement of the imagined body and world, triggering a humanizing game. (shrink)

Cognitive symptoms after COVID-19 have been increasingly recognized several months after the acute infection and have been designated as “brain fog.” We report a patient with cognitive symptoms that started immediately after COVID-19, in which cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers were highly suggestive of Alzheimer’s disease. Our case highlights the need to examine patients with cognitive symptoms following COVID-19 comprehensively. A detailed assessment combining clinical, cognitive, and biomarker studies may help disentangle the underlying mechanisms associated with cognitive dysfunction in each case. The (...) investigation of neurodegenerative processes in an early stage, especially in older patients, is probably warranted. (shrink)

La posizione e il ruolo della filosofia nelle Università sono sempre stati oggetto di interesse, in particolare da parte dei detentori della disciplina, evidentemente convinti di un suo statuto speciale all’interno del percorso formativo. In questo articolo si prendono brevemente in esame le posizioni di alcuni filosofi che si sono esplicitamente esposti al riguardo, da Kant a Heidegger, da Ortega y Gasset a Martha Nussbaum, quali testimoni illustri dell’imprescindibilità dei contenuti e dei metodi della filosofia per ogni campo del (...) sapere, tanto più oggi, che l’utilità del pensiero umanistico viene disconosciuta in favore di una formazione sempre più tecnica e specializzata. (shrink)

We present five studies investigating the effects of approach and avoidance behaviours when individuals do not enact them but, instead, learn that others have performed them. In Experiment 1, when participants read that a fictitious character (model) had approached a previously unknown product, they ascribed to this model a liking for the object. In contrast, they ascribed to the model a disliking for the avoided product. In Experiment 2, this result emerged, with a smaller effect size, even when it was (...) clear that the behaviours followed specific instructions from a third party. The model had been a mere executor instead of behaving autonomously. Finally, in Experiments 3, 4, and 5, we showed, with direct and indirect measures of attitudes, that reading that the model had approached vs avoided products was sufficient to create preferences in the participant for the approached one, regardless of whether it was explained that the model was a mere executor. This research highlights the largely unexplored effects of vicarious approach/avoidance behaviours. Theoretical and practical implications and possible developments of this line of research are discussed. (shrink)

Although the concept of value is central to sustainable business models (SBMs), the field has struggled to clarify what value is. SBM research accounts for multiple forms of value directed at multiple stakeholders. We argue that this diversity challenge should be addressed not by seeking a field-unifying definition of value but by developing methodological guidelines for a field-specific approach to defining value in SBM contexts. Based on Aristotelian logic and philosophical phenomenology of value, we develop an analytical framework that can (...) be used for generating good definitions of value. We use this framework to explore approaches to value in extant SBM literature, highlight problematic patterns in applications of this concept, and suggest ways to avoid these patterns. The result is a guide to assist SBM researchers in exploring and defining value, and in applying their definitions consistently in theory building efforts. (shrink)

O N Concilio de Latrão, realizado em 1215, foi para a Igreja Ocidental o mais importante do período medieval. Seus 70 cânones apresentam uma síntese do projeto de reforma eclesial liderado pelo Papado, em vias de implantação desde meados do século XI, e que visava, dentre outros pontos, a moralização do clero. Contudo, qual foi o impacto destas regulamentações canônicas nas diversas regiões da Cristandade? Como tentativa de resposta parcial a tais questões, optamos por um estudo de caso: o da (...) Igreja Castelana, tão resistente às imposições romanas no século XI. Para o estudo da questão, optamos pela análise da obra literária Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos, de. Gonzalo de Berceo, clérigo secular e primeiro autor culto a escrever em castelhano do qual possuímos notícias históricas. Objetivamos, através do estudo comparativo desta obra literária e os cânones do Concilio de 1215, o impacto e penetração no início do século XIII, em Castela, do projeto de reformulação da moral eclesiástica promovido pelo papado. (shrink)

European Journal of Philosophy, EarlyView.

En este artículo se analiza la recepción del texto de Max Horkheimer Estado autoritario, desde la perspectiva de dos filósofos latinoamericanos de gran importancia: el ecuatoriano-mexicano Bolívar Echeverría y el colombiano Rubén Jaramillo Vélez. Ubicados en contextos distintos (México y Colombia), aunque en una temporalidad similar —la década de 1980—, ambos autores procedieron a traducir y propiciar la publicación del texto, al tiempo que aventuraron interpretaciones antípodas la una de la otra. Se transita un breve recorrido en la manera de (...) tratar esta obra en las grandes biografías colectivas sobre la “Teoría crítica de la sociedad” y, posteriormente, se comparan los planteamientos de ambos filósofos. La intención es dar cuenta de un momento en la recepción de dicha obra como parte de la construcción de una geografía de la Teoría crítica desde las Américas. (shrink)

Within a perspective that views groups as communities of practice and sites of construction of knowledge, learning, and identity, this article aims to explore the contribution that participation in different groups over the course of one’s life provides to the development of the professional practices of psychotherapist trainees enrolled in the C.O.I.R.A.G. school, an Italian graduate program in group psychotherapy. Through qualitative analyses of 10 semi-structured interviews, our study empirically shows that by participating in groups, the trainees not only learn (...) the practices of that group but also develop a sort of meta-learning which takes place across groups. The results highlight that: Transversality, duration, and informality are found to be the group properties with the highest formative value; and Learning practices across different groups have common characteristics: are organized around complex topics of group life, began in early group experiences, are in continuous evolution, are associated with a critical event, and a negative affect. At the same time, it seems that these critical events are exactly what triggered and sustained the learning practices. Data from the interviews also showed how professional identities are constructed as the outcome of learning in different communities of practice. The study outlines how the experience made in different groups is elaborated in and through meaningful self-narratives, highlighting them as a fundamentally collective and culturally shaped sense-making process. Overall, these results contribute to a better understanding of learning processes as situated and jointly constructed through multiple group participations over time. Furthermore, they contribute to highlighting the role of self-narratives as a primary way through which trainees shape their identity as self-reflexive professionals who are competent in reading group dynamics. Directions for future research and suggestions for psychotherapist training paths are outlined in the conclusions. (shrink)

This article studies the main actions of the three years of the Catalan government and parliament that culminated in the unilateral declaration of independence on October 27th, 2017. We mainly focus on the following issues: the so-called right to decide; the international and European Union support for the Catalan secessionist project; their economic viability ; the legal, social and democratic framework breakdown in Catalonia and some of the informational battle about the secessionist project.

Neste trabalho nos ocupamos centralmente em compreender a proposta ética de Hans Jonas e como ele apresenta o Princípio Responsabilidade como uma categoria ética a ser norteadora das ações humanas. Apresentamos um breve histórico do desenvolvimento da Filosofia da Tecnologia enquanto uma disciplina filosófica específica e, então, discutimos as principais considerações de Jonas sobre a necessidade de uma ética inteiramente nova que tome a técnica como objeto e a proposta que este apresente de uma ética do futuro pautada na responsabi (...) lidade enquanto princípio. (shrink)

Heidegger’s stance towards representational thinking has been widely discussed and debated. In this paper I show how based on an analysis of the mathematical in modern science in Die Frage nach dem Ding, Heidegger draws up a distinction between intuitive representations and representations against experience. I argue that this last type of representations corresponds to his understanding of the way in which representational thinking takes place in modernity, that is, modern representations. Based on an analysis of these two types of (...) representation I claim that in the mid-30s Heidegger realizes that thinking being as the a priori carries a danger, which consists in the fact that being can break its relation with that which is given in ordinary experience and become determined by pure reason alone, and that this danger is the decisive factor underlying Heidegger’s critical stance towards modern representations. (shrink)

The so-called gammadiae are symbols similar to letters whose specific meaning is unknown. It is currently believed that they could have originated among Hellenistic Jews, and been inherited by Christians, who adapted them to own needs. They seem to have indicated the holiness of the characters marked by them. Building on previous analysis and on the recent systematic cataloguing of the Early Christian catacombs of Rome, as well as a range of other artefacts, we examine two lesser known archaeological finds, (...) and finally consider some examples of gammadiae “of transition”, which appear during the Medieval period predominantly in manuscripts or in the mosaics of basilicas. These last symbols show differences from the Early Christian ones, even though they still appear systematically on the pallia of Christ, the martyrs, saints and other holy people. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar como se estabelecem os estudos do filósofo húngaro Georg Lukács sobre a origem do complexo da arte a partir das formas abstratas do reflexo estético da realidade, a saber: ritmo, simetria e proporção e ornamentística. Tais categorias configuram-se, conforme os estudos de Lukács, em princípios; em elementos estruturais da produção artística, os quais são diversos, orientados por funções as mais variadas e já bastante evoluídas e que, de forma excepcional, no caso da ornamentística, mantiveram (...) sua independência, ainda que não tenham garantido o mesmo grau de importância de tempos remotos. Trata-se de um estudo teórico-bibliográfico, apoiado em uma base onto-histórica. O filósofo húngaro considera a dificuldade de revelar a procedência do complexo da arte. Atentamos ao método, considerando que devemos partir do já esteticamente formado, procedendo a tempos remotos, numa relação dialética. Podemos então nos aproximar da origem quando entendemos o mais desenvolvido. Nossas considerações vão ao encontro da compreensão de que qualquer nível de atividade humana deve implicar o trabalho como categoria fundante, na relação de transformação da natureza e do próprio homem. A arte, portanto, tem sua gênese no trabalho e, enquanto complexo tardio no mundo dos homens, tem o seu desprendimento do solo cotidiano, alcançando um processo de autoconsciência humana. Nesse sentido, a relevância do estudo consiste em contribuir com o projeto coletivo para o entendimento do papel da atividade criadora-receptora no aprimoramento dos sentidos, abrindo possibilidades de elevadas expressões no processo de humanização, com vistas à superação da sociabilidade regida pelo capital. (shrink)

Este trabajo recoge diversas claves y puntos que sustentan la base antropológica del desarrollo humano integral, con sus aspectos antropológicos constitutivos, para un buen vivir. Se exponen y profundizan apuntes o tesis sobre estas cuestiones tan importantes e imprescindibles del pensamiento social y de la ética, de la teología y de la moral, como es la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia (DSI). Contiene también referencias y aportes del magisterio de los papas contemporáneos hasta llegar al papa Francisco.

Although Nietzsche never formulated an actual political theory, his critique of modernity and his search for alternative solutions to raise the 'human type' are certainly part of a “große Politik” project, which, however, belongs more to the realm of philosophy and culture than to that of a science of government. In opposition to homologating organisations - political, economic, moral - that have robbed man of his most peculiar energies, Nietzsche works for the promotion of a strong individuality that alone can (...) promise lasting constructions. Originality and the ability to incorporate discordant elements are, for Nietzsche, symptoms of a superior culture: the 'good European' of the future will therefore be the one who, beyond narrow personal and national boundaries, will be able to open up to fruitful hybridisation. Nietzsche - Politics - Individual - Democracy - Tocqueville. (shrink)

RESUMEN: En este trabajo el autor presenta, en un primer momento, las principales características del modelo constitucional mexicano emergente como detonante de importantes cambios a nivel del ordenamiento jurídico, los mismos que demandan una concepción del derecho diferente a las anteriores para dar cuenta de la nueva realidad normativa del país. El autor describe, después, los elementos más destacables de ese virtual enfoque filosófico y sostiene, al final, que éste mantiene mayor cercanía con el llamado constitucionalismo pospositivista o pospositivismo jurídico (...) de autores como Atienza, Alexy, Nino y otros, que con el constitucionalismo iuspositivista de Ferrajoli. ABSTRACT: The author of this paper presents, in the first place, the main features of the new constitutional model that has been rising in the last few years in Mexico and the way it has changed the Mexican legal system. The author claims these changes are in need for a new legal conception different from others in the past and describes its core elements. Then he argues about the connection between this new philosophy and the non-legal positivism approach of modern constitutionalists such as Atienza, Alexy and Nino. (shrink)

The article explores E.M. Forster’s story The Machine Stops as an example of dystopian literature and its possible associations with the use of technology and with today’s cyber culture. Dystopian societies are often characterized by dehumanization and Forster’s novel raises questions about how we live in time and space; and how we establish relationships with the Other and with the world through technology. We suggest that the fear of technology depicted in dystopian literature indicates a fear that machines are mimicking (...) the roles that humans already play in relational encounters. Our relationship with machines frequently suggests a classical “I-it” situation. However, a genuine dialogue is where there is no master and where communication and understanding are achieved through the encounter and through openness to difference and to change. The article examines the ways machines and automata are imagined and become part of lived human existence, in the light of Martin Buber’s philosophy of dialogue and Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception and otherness. The problem seems to be how everyday technological interfaces can change the way we first perceive the world and the possibility that with certain types of mediation there is a loss of connection with the Other. It is argued that understanding dialogical conditions could help turn the relationship with technology into something more humane. Literature such as Forster’s is considered as an example of such a dialogical condition, suggesting ways of dealing with human dilemmas by exploring the field of possibilities. (shrink)

Martin Heidegger generalizes hermeneutics from a traditional method for interpreting authoritative texts (mainly sacred or legal texts) to a way of understanding human beings themselves. It is precisely because human beings are nothing but interpretation all the way down that the activity of interpreting a meaningful text offers the most appropriate model for understanding any human experience whatsoever. Recognizing the linguistically articulated intelligibility that Dasein shares with others by virtue of sharing a natural language leads to the crucial hermeneutic claim (...) of Being and Time, namely, the priority of understanding over perception. The most challenging feature of Heidegger's application of his projective view of interpretation to cognition is the transformation of the traditional conception of a priori knowledge that follows from it. This transformation lies behind Heidegger's choice of the term “fore‐structure of understanding” to explicitly mark the presuppositional character of all interpretation. (shrink)

L’idée d’une discontinuité radicale entre l’Un et l’être intelligible a été parfois comprise comme la thèse la plus intéressante de Plotin pour l’histoire de la métaphysique. En effet, à côté de passages où Plotin établit un rapport de ressemblance entre l’effet et la cause, il y en a d’autres où une théorie de la causalité des principes est introduite, selon laquelle le principe « donne ce qu’il n’a pas ». Dans le but d’examiner si cette théorie conduit Plotin à soutenir (...) une discontinuité radicale entre l’Un et l’être intelligible, cet article examine le traité III, 8 [30]. Une critique de Plotin à l’égard de la doctrine alexandriste de la dynamis y est signalée, et deux passages difficiles sont analysés : III, 8 [30], 2. 15-19 et III, 8 [30], 9. 29-32.Modèles de causalité chez Plotin Complete otherness of the One with respect to intelligible Being has been presented as the sharpest Plotinian contribution to the history of metaphysics. As a matter of fact, together with passages where similarity between the effect and the cause is held, there are other passages where a notion of causality is advanced, in which the principle produces « what it does not possess ». Does this involve that according to Plotinus there is complete otherness between the One and intelligible Being? This article focuses on treatise III, 8 [30], showing that it contains a criticism of Alexander of Aphrodisias’ doctrine of dynamis. It deals also with two controversial passages, III, 8 [30], 2. 15-19 and III, 8 [30], 9. 29-32. (shrink)

In the present article, after reviewing the existing bibliography on De uera religione, a study is made of the text of the uera rel. 3, 3, where St. Augustine presents what we have called a Platonic dialogue written by the Doctor of Hippo himself. The dialogue is analysed, presenting first of all the “lectio magistralis” that Augustine puts in Plato’s mouth, pointing out from this discourse the contingency of created beings and their link with the concept of creatio ex nihilo (...) that Augustine himself had already presented some years before in the De Genesi aduersus manicheos. Subsequently, the article highlights the reflection on the human being as a rational entity capable of contemplating the Beauty and Greatness of God, as well as the impediments that may exist for this. Finally, the article exposes what we have called the “myth of the perfect man”, with which St. Augustine, in imitation of Plato himself, closes his dialogue with a myth with which he synthesizes all that he had affirmed up to this point. (shrink)

This study addresses philosophy’s traditional rejection of the sense of smell, taking into account the most unpleasant but also the most beneficial aspects of odour, from antiquity to the present day. The topic is investigated following a thread through several texts by Derrida, Nietzsche, and Freud. It explains the reasons– sometimes apparent, sometimes hidden– behind the most palpable effects of the philosophical marginalization of the sense of smell.